Pull the spark plug out and try taking jumper cables and clamp one end on the positive battery, and touch the big lug on the starter (key off position). That should provide more than enough power to see if the starter will spin up and turn the engine over. If it spins up fast, then put the plug back in and repeat. Be extremely careful while doing this! You will be bypassing all safety's and the machine may move unexpectedly!
New starter, engages /spins, but engine doesn't budge - correct? Can you rotate the flywheel screen with your hand (plug out)? Or, rotate the engine with a wrench from underneath on the PTO? - safety first!
If the engine won't turn with the plugs out, then there is an internal problem within the engine. Pull the valve covers and pull the push rods. Are they bent or even non-existent? One could have broken and be in the engine. If they're ok, I would pull the head and inspect the cylinder for signs of rust and scored walls. Work your way in.
If starter spins but flywheel does not turn then starter teeth are not engaging flywheel teeth, or there are missing teeth on either one. Maybe bad bendix drive.
Just for fun, let's back up and try something. With the plugs out, go back to try the jumper cables. This time, use your car to jump, attach clamp to the battery negative and the other to the mower engine block and the other clamp to the car battery positive and touch the heavy lug on the starter to see if it spins the engine. If it does, put the plug back in and repeat
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